Wireless Electricity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wireless Electricity - Assignment Example International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com), Volume 2 Issue 7, pp. 48-51. This is a research paper which was published in the international journal. This paper presents a detailed analysis of wireless transmission and various associated concepts. This paper is a good source for developing the base for the research. This paper also discusses some of issues with wireless transmission. In the start, authors differentiate between wireless and wired medium of energy transmission. This is a detailed project report presented by four students. This report presents a detailed analysis of wireless energy transmission. In this report, authors discuss different applications of wireless energy transmission. In this scenario, they analyze these applications on the basis on certain parameters such as user-friendliness, sustainability, economical and technological feasibility and health and safety. This paper discusses a wide variety of methods and technologies exist up to now for wireless transmission of electricity and the need for a Wireless System of Energy Transmission. They also discuss their advantages, disadvantages and economical consideration. This paper also discusses the history of wireless transmission. Mohammed, S. S., Ramasamy, K., & Shanmuganantham, T. (2010). Wireless Power Transmission – A Next Generation Power Transmission System. International Journal of Computer Applications, Volume 1 Issue 13, pp. 100-103. This paper discusses a detailed analysis of technologies available for wireless energy transmission. The paper is based on finding a solution to deal with energy losses that occur in case of wireless transmission due to the wireless nature of this energy transmission. This is a thesis that is presented by a graduate student for the completion of his graduation in electrical engineering. This thesis is a complete guide for wireless

Effectiveness of Exercise Programme to Prevent Falls

Effectiveness of Exercise Programme to Prevent Falls This chapter deals with the information collected in relation to the present study through published and unpublished materials for foundation, to prepare and to carry out the research work. SECTION A: Reviews related to need of exercise programme SECTION B: Reviews related to effect of age on balance SECTION C: Reviews related to effect of exercise on balance A: Reviews related to needs of exercise programme. Gardner, M.M.et al., (2000) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of exercise programme in preventing falls. The design used for this study was controlled clinical trials. A total of 4933 older adults were participated, including both Men and women.11 trials met the criteria for inclusion, in which 8 of them were separate exercise interventions. Out of 8, five of them showed a significant reduction in falls rate. The conclusion of this study was, exercise is effective in reducing the fall risk in selected groups. Faber, MJ.et al.,(2006) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of exercise programme on mobility and falls among prefrail and frail older people. The design used for this study was multicenter randomized controlled study. The setting of the study was 15 long term care centers in Amsterdumin Netherland. 278 men and women (mean age ±SD, 85 ±6y) were included in the study. Exercise programmes were randomly distributed across 15 Homes. Each home participant was assigned to an intervention group and control group. The main outcome measures were performance oriented mobility assessment, physical performance score, and the Groningen activity restriction scale. Fall incidence was higher in control group 2.5 falls/year, but in case of experimental group2.4 falls/year. The conclusion of this study was fall incidences were higher in elderly people, who didn’t undergo exercise programme as compared to experimental group. Sherrington,C.et al.,(2008) conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis among old age people to assess the effectiveness of exercise programme on falls and to find out any particular components are associated with reduction in falls. The design used for this study was systematic review with Meta-analysis. Randomized controlled trials that compaired falls rate in older people of both experimental group and control group. The pooled estimate effect of exercise was that it reduces the incidence of falls rate by 17% with 95% confidence interval p Theou, O.et al., (2011) conducted a study to examine the effectiveness of current exercise programme on frailty management. The study design was systematic review. For the randomized controlled trial 8 electronic databases were searched, which helps to identify the participants were frail either in title, abstract, text, or in exercise. Three of the 47 studies utilized a validated definition of fragility to categorize the participants. Evidence suggested that exercise had a positive impact on functional ability outcomes. Cadore, E.L. et al., (2013) conducted a study to review the effect of exercise on functional ability of frail older adults. The study mainly focused on falls rate, lower body strength, and gait and balance. The data were collected from science direct, Medline from 1990-2012.Twenty studies were investigated, in that ten trials were mainly regarding the effect of exercise on balance performance and seven of them showed enhanced balance. As conclusion the authors says that there was great significance in multicomponent exercise intervention on gait ability, balance, strength, and reduction of falls rate among physically frail older adults. Fairhall,G., et al., (2006) conducted a study to examine the perspectives of older people in a community falls prevention programme. The design used for this study was grounded theory approach. The intervention was based on 2 hour sessions, which took place in a community group setting once a week for 7 weeks. The cohorts of the older people were recruited through editorials in local papers and from mail shots. The volunteering older persons were to be more than 70 years, with previous history of falls or have concerned about falling. Participants were interviewed after 3 months following the fall prevention programme. The participants were able to recall all the aspect of content learning during the programme. From those interventions, exercise was the only beneficial and enjoyable intervention to the participants. The conclusion of the study reveals that exercise is one of an important fall prevention programme. Seoa B.D et al., (2008) conducted a study to compare the effectiveness of resistance and balance exercise for the reduction of fall risk among elderly females above the age group of 65 years. The design adopted for the study was single blind controlled trial, conducted for 12 weeks with pre and post exercise assessment. Ninety-five participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: resistance-training group, balance training group, and control group. The first two group showed significant improvement in balance as compared to control group after the intervention(p Debolt, L.S et al., (2004) conducted a study to examine the effectiveness of home based resistance exercise programme on mobility, power and balance in people with multiple sclerosis. The study was conducted in general community. The design used for this study was experimental group design. The sample size was twenty seven.19 of them were women and 8 of them were men.The group randomly divided into experimental group and control group. Experimental group underwent resistance exercise programme and control group for normal physical activity. The results of the study assessed by using, mobility assessment with the Up and Go test scale and leg extensor power rig. According to pretest score 3.19 and for posttest score was 3.95. So the authors concluded that home based resistance exercise training is effective to improve the leg extensor power within a short period of time. B: Reviews related to the effects of age on balance Teimoori,A.et al., (2012) conducted a study to examine the age at which loss of muscle velocity, balance in adult healthy Iranian Females.928 Iranian female participated in this study. They were in the age group of 20-26 years. The participants were divided in to four age groups. Balance ,velocity were assessed for each group according to the age group and timed by digital stop watch. The study showed that, between the age group of 23-30 years the muscle velocity and balance were same. But in case of 40 age group balance and muscle velocity were declined. By using one way ANOVA test balance and muscle velocity were differed with pnd and 3rddecades.The authors identified that age, balance, and muscle velocity had significant relationship with aging Tiffani E et al., (2006) conducted a study to examine the association between measures of dynamic and static balance and performance of mobility task in elderly people of Western Carolina University. The design used was cross sectional analysis. The subjects were 195 community dwelling participants. Associations between balance and mobility measures were examined by using correlation and regression. Dynamic and static balance were moderately associated(r=-.462).Regression age and balance were significant predictors of walking speed outcome. The authors concluded that, assessment of dynamic and static balance is an important, to know the physical functioning and mobility of elderly people. Abrahamova,D. et al., conducted a study to examine aspects of balance control changes with age. The subjects participated for the study was between the age group (20-82).Centre of foot pressure positions used to evaluate body sway during a 50 second interval. Seven cop parameters were used to assess quiet stance and were analyzed in three groups. The regression analysis showed evident increase of body sway over 60 years of age. The normality of distribution of each cop parameter was examined by using the Kolmogorov –smirnov test. Mann Whitney test was used to analyze the differences between the age groups, if not normally distributed. If the cop parameters were normally distributed than two ways. ANOVA was used to analyze the differences between the age groups. The level of significance was set at p Gomes,M.M al., (2012) conducted a study to analyze the postural control at different age. The aim of the study is to evaluate static and dynamic balance as well as the pattern of muscle activation in elderly women from different age groups. A total of 57 women, divided in to 3 groups according to their age. Group 1(n) =17, group2 (n) =20, group3 (n) =20.The center of pressure were analyzed. According to the age group, the participants showed similar displacement and muscle activation during static posture and dynamic posture. As by conclusion, the study proved that aging had an influence on balance and posture among elderly group. Osama, B et al., (2004) conducted a study on 30 normal elderly individuals and 40 normal young adults between the age group of (20-40) years. The purpose of this study was to know the balance in elderly, and to compare postural stability, balance control and gait pattern in normal elderly persons to those of normal young adults. All participants were subjected to history taking, full routine balance test and functional test. When comparing the balance scales there was a significant difference between the two groups were noticed. (p=0.005).From this study, the results proved that there was a significant decrease in scores of different balance scales in elderly persons compared to young adults, besides that there was significant decrease in percent of maximum stability and was lesser in older subjects as compared to younger subjects C: Reviews related to effect of exercise on balance Knerl,CJ et al.,(2009) conducted a study to examine the effect of 6 weeks of balance training and strength training on dynamic balance in older adults.51 seniors were participated.(17male and 34 females) between the age group of 60 and 93 years. Participants were divided in to 4 groups. 3 treatment groups and one control group. Each group were tested on measures of dynamic balance, flexibility and strength before and after 6 weeks of the exercise programme by using the outcome measures like Fullerton advanced balance scale. Repeated ANOVA’S shows that upper body strength and lower body flexibility including balance increased significantly (p Gusi,et al., (2013) conducted a study to determine the effects of balance training protocol with the balance system in institutionalized older people. 40 older adults were involved in study. The experimental group completed 12 week balance training protocol,2 sessions per week. Both the groups ‘received the same multidisciplinary care. The outcome measures were dynamic balance with the use of fall risk scale. The outcome measures were measured before and after the intervention. As compaired to control group, the experimental group had greater improvement at 12 weeks in case of dynamic balance. By conclusion the authors says that exercise programme was feasible on dynamic balance in institutionalized older people. More, T.S, Rao, K., et al., (2012) conducted a study to evaluate the effectiveness of 10 weeks of balance and strength training on dynamic balance of older adults. The study design was randomized controlled trial consists of 52 older adults between the age group of (60-75) years with having poor balance and strength. They were divided in to strength training group (Group A), balance training group (Group B) and combination group(Group C).The duration of the training programme was 10 weeks. Outcome measures used were berg balance scale and senior fitness scale. Within the group statistical analysis done by using paired t test within the groups, which shows that marked improvement in all age groups with (p Ullumen, G et al., (2010) conducted a study to examine the effects of exercise in improving balance, balance confidence and mobility in elderly people. The design used for this study was randomized control trial. The participants were randomly assigned to experimental group(n=25) and control group(n=22).The experimental group were attended 5 week of exercise programme,60 minutes 3 times per week. The outcome measures were (timed up and go), balance confidence scale, falls efficacy scale. Pretest and post test were conducted. After the intervention, in experimental group balance (p=0.030) and mobility (p=0.042) were increased, while fear of falling (p=0.042) decreased significantly. The participants of experimental group showed improvements in balance confidence (p=0.054).As by conclusion the researchers suggests that exercises are an effective way to improve mobility and balance, thus by reducing the risk of falling among community –dwelling elderly people. Zamanian, F., (2011) conducted a study to investigate the effects of balance exercise training on fall risk and postural control among older adults especially women.40 elderly people were participated in this study. The static balance and fall risk were measured by using Tandem and semi-tandem test, berg balance scale questionare.The subjects were divided in to experimental group and control group. Experimental group underwent 8 weeks of exercise programme. The control group didn’t participate in any of training programme. Outcome measures were analyzed after the intervention. Comparison was carried out by using paired t test and independent t test and correlation analyzed by Pearson correlation. After balance training the ability of older women in semi tandem and in tandem position was (p=0.007) and (p=0.02) respectively. So from this study, the authors concluded that balance control improves the postural control and reduces the risk of fall in older women (p=0.001). Helbostard, JL et al., (2004) conducted a study to determine the effectiveness of home training exercises on functional abilities of old aged people with functional disabilities and balance problems. The design adopted for this Study was randomized trial with 77 persons aged 75 or more than that. Home training and combined training group were included in this study, for a period of 12 weeks. The exercises, rate of falls and balance functions were assessed with the outcome measures like Timed up and Go test, Maximum step length and timed pick up and sit to stand(p Bird, M et al.,(2009) conducted a study to examine the long term effects of a multicomponent exercise on balance ,mobility, and exercise behavior among healthy older adults between the age group of (65-75) years. The design used for the study was randomized control intervention. The duration of the study was 12 months. Differences between those subjects, who continued to exercise and those who discontinued were investigated. The subjects who continued exercise had significantly greater improvement in strength after the intervention as compaired to those who discontinued. (p=0.004) Bird, M.L et al., (2012) conducted a study to evaluate the effects of a Pilates intervention on balance and function among community dwelling older adults above 60 years. The design used was randomized cross over study for 16 weeks, conducted in university exercise clinic. Community dwelling older adults (n=32) were selected. Out of 32, 27 were completed the intervention. Participants were allocated to either 5 weeks of a group Pilates training intervention for experimental group and 5 weeks of usual activity for control. After the 6 week, subjects performed alternate intervention. The outcome measures were 4 square test and Timed up and Go test. The results revealed that there was a significant improvement in static and dynamic balance from pre post Pilates (p Bulat, T et al (2007) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of group functional balance training on balance outcomes in community dwelling elderly people. The study was conducted in Haley Veterans hospital in USA. The research design adopted for this study was one group pretest post-test. The participated study subjects were 51.These study subjects were participated in functional balance training programme once in a week and it lasts for a period of eight weeks.1 hour classes were conducted weekly ones.84% of elderly people were completed five or more classes weekly. The outcome measures were evaluated by using berg balance scale, Limits of stability, before and after the balance training classes. The result of the study reveals that, there was a significant improvement in the Berg Balance Scale (p

Anatomy of a Love Letter :: essays research papers

Anatomy of A Letter, Part I   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You’re right Sandra. A letter from you is the very last thing that I want right now. We have been together for so long and I know you feel that I am throwing it all away as some sort of â€Å"over reaction† but you fail to see the bigger picture. Just put yourself in my shoes for a moment and stop thinking about you and maybe you’ll see the reason why our relationship is beyond repair.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I understand that our relationship was, as you put it, â€Å"stalled† due to a lack of concern about our future together. What I don’t get is that you didn’t come to me once to tell me how you were felling about that huge step in our lives. I had no idea how important it was to you that our careers coincide. You are a very independent woman and I didn’t want my aspirations to hinder your progress in the corporate world. You see, that’s one of our problems, we have a lack of communication. We have known each other since we were children and yet you still find it hard to come and talk to me whenever something upsets you. Instead you found Mr. â€Å"lovedoc† and talked to him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  And another thing, this whole situation is not about you. Do you know how many times you mentioned yourself in your letter? 33 times!! This is supposed to be about US and how we can get past this together. You know, You didn’t even say your were sorry. Not once did you even apologize. You kept talking about YOU, and what YOU had to sacrifice and what YOU have to give. There is no such thing as a one sided relationship. I gave my all in this relationship too. And unlike you I didn’t need another woman to run to when things got rough. I stayed faithful to you through the goodtime and the bad.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I don’t think you will ever know the pain that I am going through right now. You will never know the heartache I felt when I read those e-mails, one after the other, each spoken with such lust and desire.

Understanding the Media

Since the media has now become the centre of today`s life controlling every aspect of it, it is therefore very important to understand and to critically observe how the media operates . It is however questionable to understand how the media balances between meeting its goals and targets as a business and fulfilling its role of acting as the peoples voice as expected by the society it serves without compromising on each of the two. BODY It is only through the understanding of the media that the people get to know that the media plays an important role in educating the society.Francois Nell notes that `the media contribute to social development`. (Writing For The Media In Southern Africa:3rd Edition). Through the media, education has moved from indirect teaching to direct teaching whereby the minors and students get to learn through different T. V programs like the Tekalani Sesami(SABC 3) and Matrics Uploaded(SABC 2). Though this development in Media production learning has become so c onvenient thus contributing to the educational growth of the community. It is also vital to understand the media production so as to know when and when not to blame the media when scandals take place .Stony Brooke notes that, `the effects of media seem necessary to depend on the patterns of audience use. ` It is however unfair to blame the media on the abuse of the media forms by the public it tend to benefit. It is therefore important to take note of the fact that the audience has a major role to play as far as media content is pertained. Understanding media production is vital too so as to know the truth behind some nasty news said of the media by the public. a good understanding of the media enables us to know how to relate and deal with some of these accusations.Gilmore p37 notes that `news is more of a conversation and the lines have blurred between producers and consumers. The once passive audience has become an active participant in the creation and dissemination of news, and the flow of information is no longer controlled by journalists Haddow & Kim S. Haddow) . It is therefore important to note that the media is not solely to blame for some scandals in media content but also the audience has a role to play for media abuse. It is only through media literacy that he audience know how to utilise different forms of media and to know when to draw the line as far as their engagement with the media is concerned. Although the media development `encourages individual change and mobility`(Francois Nel ),it is however important for one to know how for example the internet operates so as to protect oneself from cannibals that has flooded this media form, many peoples` lives. Through this awareness one is able to know when to draw the line as far as his/her engagement with different characters on this blog is concerned.However it is also important to critically observe how the media conveys its messages to the people so that one will not fall a victim to some of t he media content that tend to `induce political apathy, alienation, cynicism and a loss of social capital`( Kenneth Newton) thus brainwashing the public into making wrong political choices. Peter Phillips argues that `democracy does not work within last minute sound bites, taking the place of important public debate and compromising the bulk information that could be available to the people`(Censored 2007).This however shows that in their bid to meet targets, the media tend to compromise on their expectations from the society and also on their role of informing the public. Through a critical engagement with the media, one is made to observe that the media has a `mass effect on societal behaviour`( Jatto et tal). During the Family Planning Campaign in Tanzania, the media had an incremental effect on contraceptive use. The more media sources a woman was exposed to, the more she was to adopt a contraception (Jatto et tal, 1999:65-67). The media campaign in the Philippines had clearly p ositive effects .Nancy Morris notes that `the mass media information campaign was largely responsible for the improvement in vaccination coverage`(McDivitt, Zimicki and Hornik, 1997:111). This clearly shows that the media has the power to control peoples` behaviour so a critic understanding of it is vital to prevent possible brainwash. Since the media has become the `backbone of the marketing , advertising and public relations industries`(Peter J Jourie) notes that `a sound knowledge of how the media work, think and disseminate meaning is fundamental to these industries`.It is however important to critically engage with the media so as to know how to relate with the information given by the media so as to know how to act on their `education` as far as their information about these industries is pertained since they will be advertising. It is very important to note that the media is only after sensational stories so that the people will know that behind the information dished out by the media, lies more helpful and important information.This will enable the audience to be on the lookout of more helpful stories that do not make it into the newspapers that might be of great importance to their livelihood. It can be concluded that although the media is there to serve the people and to meet their expectations, the media itself ends up on a very compromising position with only one way out, that is to do anything possible to meet its goals as a business even though it means compromising on their role within the society .This means that the public should be well informed as on how to utilise useful media content and at the same time on how to screen some of the media content in order to protect themselves from the harm that comes with it. The complication only now lies on how the public can get informed when the only means to inform the public is only through the media.

Present condition of rule of law in Bangladesh Essay

Introduction: One of the basic principles of the English constitution is the rule of law. This doctrine is accepted in the constitution of U. S. A. and also in the constitution of Bangladesh. Now a day’s rule of law is one of the most discussed subjects of developing countries. Developed countries and donor agencies always instruct the developing countries for sustainable development and good governance. Actually sustainable development and good governance mostly depends on the proper application of rule of law. Laws are made for the conflicting forces in society. One of the prime objects of making laws is to maintain law and order in society, a peaceful environment for the progress of the people. In true and real sense there is no rule of law in Bangladesh today. Law in Bangladesh follows a course of selective and discretionary application. Institution and procedures required for ensuring rule of law also are no effective in the country. Main Concept of Rule of Law: The term ‘Rule of Law’ is derived from the French phrase ‘La Principe de Legality’ (the principle of legality) which referse to a government based on principles of law and not of men. In this sense the concept of ‘La Principe de Legality’ was opposed to arbitrary powers. The rule of law is old origin. In thirteenth century Bracton, a judge in the Reign of Henry III wrote- â€Å"The king himself ought to be subject to God and the law, because law makes him king. † Edward Coke is said to be the originator of this concept, when he said that the king must be under God and law and thus vindicated the supremacy of law over the pretensions of the executives. Professor A. V. Dicey later developed on this concept in his classic book ‘The Law of the Constitution. ‘ published in the year 1885. Dicey’s concept of the rule of law contemplated the absence of wide powers in the hands of government officials. According to him wherever there is desecration there is room for arbitrariness. The rule of law is a viable and dynamic concept and like many other such concepts, is not capable of any exact definition. Its simplest meaning is that everything must be done according to law, but in that sense it gives little comfort unless it also means that the law must not give the government too much power. The rule of law is opposed to the rule of arbitrary power. The primary meaning of rule of law is that the ruler and the ruled must be subject to law and no one is above 3. the law and hence accountable under the law. It implies the supremacy of law and the recognition that the law to be law can not be capricious. What is the Rule of Law? The rule of law is a system in which the following four universal principles are upheld: 1. The government and its officials and agents as well as individuals and private entities are accountable under the law. 2. The laws are clear, publicized, and stable and just, are applied evenly, and protect fundamental rights, including the security of persons and property. 3. The process by which the laws are enacted, administered and enforced is accessible, fair and efficient. 4. Justice is delivered timely by competent, ethical, and independent representatives and neutrals that are of sufficient number, have adequate resources, and reflect the makeup of the communities they serve. Establish the Rule of Law and Constitution of Bangladesh: The rule of law is a basic feature of the constitution of Bangladesh. It has been pledged in the preamble to the constitution of Bangladesh that – â€Å"It shall be fundamental aim of the state to realize through the democratic process a Socialist society, free from exploitation – a society in which the rule of law, fundamental human rights and freedom, equality and justice, political economic and social, will be secured for all citizens. † In accordance with this pledge the following positive provisions for rule of law have been incorporated in the constitution: Article 27 guarantees that all citizens are equal before law and are entitled to equal protection of law. Article 31 guarantees that to enjoy the protection of the law, and to be treated in accordance with law, is the inalienable right of every citizen, wherever he may be and of every other person for the time being with in Bangladesh, and in particular no action detrimental to the life, liberty, body, reputation or property of any person shall be taken except in accordance with Law. 18 fundamental rights have been guranteed in the constitutional arrangement for their effective enforcement has been ensured in Articles 44 and 102. Article 7 and 26 impose limitation on the legislature 4. that no law which is inconsistent with any provision of the constitution can be passed. In accordance with Article 7, 26 and 102(2) of the constitution the supreme court exercise the power of judicial review whereby it can examine the extent and legality of the actions of both executive and legislative and Constitutions declare any of their actions void if they do anything beyond their constitutional limits. Right to be governed by a representative body answerable to the people have been ensured under Articles 7(1), 11, 55, 56, 57 and 65(2) of the constitution. 18 all these provisions of constitution are effective for ensuring rule of law in Bangladesh. But facts on the ground tell a different story altogether. Rule of Law Ensure in Bangladesh: Laws, rules and procedures framed under them exist to cover every walk of our national life, though there may be parities in number and shortcomings in scope. Our constitution contain plethora of laws while institutions like courts, ministries and departments have been set up to dispense justice and decisions in accordance with the present state of the rule of law revels the riddle of having a body of law and at the same time not having it. It is like a person who is brain dead. Some aspects of the rule of law in our society and polity should be mentioned as under: First, accesses to law as well as equality before it are reserved for only those who are privileged. For the rest of the population, more or less the Hobbsian law of nature prevails. They are the helpless victims of as unjust society that sets great story by privileges. Second, all government in this country since the falls of Ershad have claimed that there is independence of judiciary. The claim is only partially true, while the higher courts enjoy a certain measure of independence; the lower courts are under the direct control of the law ministry. The judges look up to the Ministry for everything infect they are obliged to. The principle of separation of judiciary from executive is being violated in two ways – 1. Magistrates are performing dual function of both executive and judiciary which is not desirable in the interest of justice. 2. The service of district and session judges, their transfer, promotion etc. are controlled not by the Supreme Court but by the law ministry. 5. Third, The government of Bangladesh continued to use the Special Power Act of 1974 and section 54 of the criminal code which allow for arbitrary arrest and preventive detention, to harass political opponents and other citizens by detaining them without formal charges. Fourth, The very principle that law should take its own course requires that in investigation and preparation and submission of the charge sheet, the investigating agency should be free from, encumbrance’s influences and threats of all kinds. Unfortunately, that situation does not obtain in todays Bangladesh. In recent years a large number of political killings have taken place. The national dailies have carried the stories of all the gruesome murders and the whole nation has been out raged. What is however deplorable is that in most of these highly publicized cases the culprits have not been brought to justice. The reason is not far to seek. It is the interference by high ups in the political ladder. Fifth, Another aspect of rule of law relates to the limits of law making power of the parliament itself. Our constitution quite rightly declares the people as the repository of all power and they use it through their elected representatives. However, the question arises whether the parliament can make laws curbing the democratic rights the people, which are generally considered as unreasonable. The special power Act of 1974 the public safety Act passed former Awami Liege Government etc. which are used to put political opponents behind the bars, deserve special mention, so, the question arises can such pieces of legislation promote rule of law? Obviously, not. One the other hand the government always with a view to avoiding debates make laws by ordinances and later gets them appointed under the sweeping power of article 70 of the constitution. Sixth, Rule of law postulates intelligence without passion and reason free from desire in any decision regarding matters concerned with governance. In our society, the principle is being ignored on many grounds as quotas for political activists by the name of honor to freedom fighters, special provision for individual security etc. Seventh, Police is no doubt a very powerful institution for the endorsement of the rule of law. But in Bangladesh, the police have never been friendly with the public. The police serve the government and enjoy, in exchanges, 6. the freedom to act arbitrarily and in the material interests of its own members. Eighth, Ordinance making power can be supported only in emergency situation like national crisis, national calamity severe economic deflection etc. demanding for immediate legislative actions. But article 93 of the constitution allows the president to promulgate ordinances anytime during the recesses of parliament session. On the other hand Article 141(A) empowers the president to declare emergency whenever he wishes. By declaring emergency in peace time the government can suspend fundamental rights and suppress the opposition movement. This mounts to avowed arbitrary exercise of power on the part of the government which is contradictory to the concept of rule of law. Ninth, Another disgusting aspect of our judicial system is that there is the charge of corruption against our judiciary. Moreover, justices oftener than not, a costly commodity in our country. The poor people could not reach before the judges only because of mobility to meet the charge required for going through the complicated process of litigation. Thus, they prefer injustice than fatigue. Tenth, In order to provide quick relief and avoid lengthy proceedings of litigation providing for the creation of Administrative Tribunal particularly for service matters which needs special treatment and experience is not undemocratic something. But this tribunal has been kept outside the writ jurisdiction of the High Court Division under article 102(5). Also it has been kept out of the supervisory jurisdiction of the High Court Division. This provision has therefore, been contradictory to the concept of integrated judicial system and also contrary to the concept of independence judiciary. A prominent concern in the development community is the â€Å"rule of law† and the related concepts from other legal, Economic growth, political modernization, the protection of human rights, and other worthy objectives are all believed to hinge, at least in part, on â€Å"the rule of law. † Policymakers in developing and transition nations are thus seeking ways to establish or strengthen the rule of law in their countries. Investment rating services, non- governmental organizations, and other students of development are producing indices that try to measure the degree to which a nation enjoys the rule of law. 7. But overlooked in much of the dialogue about the rule of law is that the term has no fixed meaning. It originated in normative writings on law and government, principally by Western authors, and each tailored the term to fit his or her vision of the â€Å"ideal† or â€Å"just† state. As a consequence, one survey of how the term has been used in Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States concludes that it â€Å"belongs to the category of open- ended concepts which are subject to permanent debate† Despite this multiplicity of definitions, most can be classified according to whether they emphasize formal characteristics, substantive outcomes, or functional considerations. The differences between these three conceptions and the implications of each for efforts to establish, measure, or foster the rule of law are described below. Formal Development Rule of Law: Formal definitions of the rule of law look to the presence or absence of specific, observable criteria of the law or the legal system. Common criteria include: a formally independent and impartial judiciary; laws that are public; the absence of laws that apply only to particular individuals or classes; the absence of retroactive laws; and provisions for judicial review of government action. There is no definitive list of formal criteria, and different formal definitions may use different standards. What formal definitions have in common is that the â€Å"rule of law† is measured by the conformity of the legal system to these explicit standards. The main advantage of a formal definition of the rule of law is that it is very clear and relatively objective once the formal criteria are chosen. Choosing which standards to include may be controversial, but after the standards are made explicit, it is usually not difficult to observe the degree to which countries meet or don’t meet the standards. Formal definitions thus avoid more subjective judgments, for example about whether laws are â€Å"fair† or â€Å"just. † Substantive Development rule of Law: An alternative to the formal approach to the rule of law is one that looks to substantive outcomes such as â€Å"justice† or â€Å"fairness. † This approach is not concerned with the formal rules, except inasmuch as they contribute to the achievement of a particular substantive goal of the legal system. Unlike the 8. formal approach, which eschews value judgments, the substantive approach is driven by a moral vision of the good legal system, and measures the rule of law in terms of how well the system being assessed approximates this ideal. The main advantage of the substantive version of the rule of law is the explicit equation of the rule of law with something normatively good and desirable. The rule of law is good in this case because it is defined as such. This is appealing, first because the subjective judgement is made explicit rather than hidden in formal criteria, and, second, because the phrase â€Å"rule of law† has acquired such a strong positive connotation. Many people cannot accept any definition that would allow. Functional Development rule of law: A third approach to the rule of law is similar to the substantive definition, but tries to avoid the thorny normative issues by focusing on how well the law and legal system perform some function – usually the constraint of government discretion, the making legal decisions predictable, or some combination of both. One version of this view, for example, would hold that a society in which government officials have little or no discretion has a high level of rule of law, whereas a society in which they wield a great deal of discretion has minimal rule of law. The functional definition of the rule of law is broadly consistent with the traditional meaning of the English phrase, which has usually been contrasted with â€Å"rule of man. † It has the advantage, too, of defining the rule of law according to outcome-related criteria, but not requiring a moral verdict on the desirability of that outcome. The functional definition is narrow enough that it does not overlap with other more general concepts, and it makes questions as to the relationship of formal characteristics to the rule of law, and of the rule of law to substantive goals, researchable rather than tautological. Nonetheless, the functional definition suffers from a number of difficulties. First, as with the substantive definition, the relationship between the legal system per se and the functional goal can pose problems. It is possible to constrain government officials or realize predictability through means other than the legal system. Suppose one society has less official discretion than its neighbor even though the latter has apparently more restrictive laws. 9. Which enjoys a greater rule of law under a functional definition? Another problem is the fact that looking at â€Å"predictability† or â€Å"official constraint† or any other function makes it hard to make any definitive statement about the level of rule of law in a whole society. Government officials may make literally thousands of decisions each day in a given system. Some of them may be highly constrained, while others are not. It is not at all clear how to aggregate the levels of discretion for individual types of decisions into an overall measure of the rule of law. Observation: The above discussion makes it clear that though there are some positive provisions for ensuring rule of law in Bangladesh Constitution, they are being outweighed by the negative provisions. Though our constitution provides for 18 fundamentals rights for citizens, these remain meaningless version to the masses because due to poverty and absence of proper legal aid the poor people cannot realize them . 22 It also clear that the application of the principle of the rule of law is merely a farce in our country. However, prospects for establishing society purely based on the democratic principle of the rule of law are not totally absent from the polity. We have a constitutional government elected through a free and fair election. But what is needed for the very cause of the principle of democratic rule of law is- 1. To separate the judiciary immediately from the executive ; 2. To appoint an ombudsman for the save of transparency and democratic accountability ; 3. To make the parliament effective and to let the law making body to do its due business in cooperation with each other government and opposition; 4. To reform the law enforcing agencies and police force to rid them out of corruption and to free them from political influence so that they could truly maintain the rule of law; 5. To forge national unity and politics of consensus built around the basic values of the constitution, namely democracy, respect for each others human rights, tolerance, communal harmony etc. 10. Conclusion: Above discussions clearly shows that the present condition of rule of law in Bangladesh is not satisfactory. However, the proposed measures for overcoming the shortcomings of rule of law also are not final but these are fundamental. Independent and particular policy for rule of law is a must for overcoming the ambiguity and anomalies in rule of law. After all, government must be committed to ensure the security of life and property of the people, protection of individual rights and the dissention of justice on the basis of the equality and fairness. On the other extreme, the opposition, civil society and social groups and organizations also have the moral obligations to help and cooperate with the government in this juncture.

The concept of Organizational Leadership in Home Depot Company

The concept of Organizational Leadership in Home Depot Company Introduction Organizational growth is one of the key indicators of good leadership. Leadership refers to a process of social influence by an individual who aids others to achieve a collective goal. Organizational leadership entails a process of organizing a social unit that consolidates its efforts to accomplish a universal objective (Baack, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The concept of Organizational Leadership in Home Depot Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Good organizational leadership entails application of effective operational strategies, organizational structure, and promotion of an organization’s corporate culture. Organizational leaders also have an ethical obligation to ensure that employees are provided with the best working conditions, which allow them to give their best output towards achieving organizational goals. Ethical leadership is the driving force of businesses. It plays a crucial role of ensuring that an organization remains highly competitive. Leaders should promote ethical values in their organizations through an inclusive decision-making process, strategic human resource management, and strict adherence to organizational culture (Baack, 2011). Organizational leaders endure a lot of criticism for their styles and methods of leadership. It is very important for organizational leaders to know the source of their power and influence when leading an organization. This helps them to avoid negative criticism and failure. Leaders can source for power and influence from their reputation, title, job position, verbal persuasion, or through the powers vested in their offices. One organizational leader who has been heavily criticized for his leadership style is Robert Nardelli. Robert Nardelli was the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Home Depot for seven years (Brenner, 2007). This essay will analyze the concept of organizational leadership in business ethics by analyzing the leadership style of Robert Nardelli. Discussion Robert Nardelli became the Chairman and CEO of Home Depot in 2000, after working at GE for almost three decades. However, he resigned from his position at Home Depot in 2007 due to mounting pressure for him to change his leadership style. Robert succeeded Bernie Marcus as the chairperson and CEO of Home Depot. Bernie Marcus was using a laid-back style of leadership compared to what Robert introduced at the largest retail store for home improvement products in the United States (Brenner, 2007). Robert focused on instilling discipline in the workforce by introducing new operational strategies. He managed to improve sales and profit margins for the business within the first year of his tenure as the CEO.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite all the major improvements that Robert was making at Home Dep ot, his style of leadership came under serious scrutiny and criticism. The main reason for the criticism was his big compensation package that never matched the financial ability of the business (Brenner, 2007). According to economic experts, Robert’s compensation package did not make any economic sense because the stocks were performing poorly, yet he could afford to reward himself with a huge salary. This was also happening at a time when Home Depot was fighting off stiff competition from Lowe’s hardware. Lowe’s was a fast rising retail shop selling similar products as Home Depot. This meant that the business had to fast track its expansion plans in order to tighten their grip on the American market and eventually move to foreign ones. However, lack of a quick response from the CEO to implement the business strategy clearly demonstrated his poor leadership style that eventually led to the business losing a sizeable share of the local market. Robert’s le adership style at Home Depot showed a lot of inflexibility and hard headedness. In addition, it showed a few traits of directness, autonomy, autocracy, and a weak desire to fulfill various managerial tasks (Brenner, 2007). According to leadership theories, an individual’s ability to offer good and ethical leadership depends on factors such as their work environment, the situations at hand, individual abilities, and acquired skills. According to the trait theory of leadership, good leaders should be able to motivate, guide, as well as listen to and understand the people they lead (Baack, 2011). Situational theory of leadership explains that an individual’s ability to offer good leadership and make ethical decisions depends on the nature of the situation being resolved. According to the multiple intelligence theory of leadership, seven types of human competencies help leaders to do their work. These intellectual abilities are musical, logical, visual, interpersonal, verb al, bodily, and naturalistic (Gerald, 2006). All human beings have these abilities, albeit in different degrees. A good leader should be able to apply these competencies to gain the support of those they lead. Robert was a controlling leader who used his power of command for his selfish gains at the expense of Home Depot shareholders. His leadership style was incompatible with the organizational culture of the business, which tagged along a desire to offer quality customer service.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The concept of Organizational Leadership in Home Depot Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The business focused on offering high quality products to their customers at competitive prices. When Robert took over leadership at Home Depot, he failed to improve the decision-making process that excluded employees and other stakeholders (Baack, 2011). Robert emphasized on applying a top to bottom approach of decision-making instead of a bottom to top approach. His approach was not helping the business to attract new customers and retain their existing ones because of reduced quality of products. For example, a few months into his tenure, Robert crippled the retail structure at home depot when he eliminated salespeople from the workforce. A series of poor managerial decisions led to detachment between Home Depot and its employees, customers, and shareholders (Brenner, 2007). According to stakeholders at Home Depot, Richard was arrogant and inconsiderate of their needs. Most stakeholders had lost their attachment to the business because nothing seemed to work right, yet the board could have changed the situation. According to the behavioral theory of leadership, good leaders are born and not made. It is evident that Richard was not a natural leader for the position he held at Home Depot (Brenner, 2007). Contingency theory of leadership explains the success of a good leader as a function o f numerous contingencies that shape along variables such as groups, tasks, and subsidiaries. In addition, the theory explains that leadership styles apply differently depending on the situation being resolved in an organization (Gerald, 2006). Organizational leaders should apply their competences to develop a consistent pattern in their decision-making, because it has a huge impact on organizational success. Conclusion Robert Nardelli applied an imperialist style of leadership during his tenure as the CEO of Home Depot. Robert deserved all the criticism he got for this style of leadership because it detached the stakeholders from the business. His actions as a leader were very unethical, considering the fact that he was supposed to provide leadership to implement the organization’s business strategy. Instead, Robert focused on improving his compensation package at a time when the economic situation could not allow. Communication is very important in every organization. Theref ore, Robert was unethical in his decision to alter communication structures at Home Depot. An ethical leader should promote an inclusive style of management that allows all stakeholders to take part in decision-making. References Baack, D. (2011). Organizational Behavior. New Jersey: Cambridge University Press.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Brenner, D. (2007). The Imperial Management Style of Home Depot’s Bob Nardelli. Web. Gerald, P. (2006). Leadership: Theory and Practice. London: Oxford University Press.

Free Essays on Drugs In Society

Today’s world can be very tough for students of all ages. Our country is at war with many enemies for many reasons. This can produce many problems for students and they may turn to school counselor’s, teachers, and other school faculty for help. It is a difficult responsibility for them but needs to be dealt with correctly. There are many different ways that students can be affected by terrorism. Terrorism can have a direct effect on them when someone they know has been hurt or killed by terrorists. An example of this would be the World Trade Center bombings. There was a high number of deaths, especially parents, in the attack. That would leave a large number of students in our area directly affected by terrorism. Students can also be affected indirectly by terrorism. The definition of terrorism is â€Å"the calculated use of violence ( or threat of violence) against civilians in order to attain goals that are political or religious or ideological in nature; this is done through intimidation or coercion or instilling fear.† The main goal of terrorists is to scare the American people, make them feel unsafe and scared. Students may feel scared that something will happen to them or people they love. Many students have family members who work in areas that could be targets of terrorists, like large cities. They may also have family members who are overseas or family members that travel a good amount. Students may worry that something may happen to them. This can cause them to not focus on what they should be like school, activities, or even just having fun. School counselors, teachers, and other school faculty, play a huge role in helping out students affected by terrorism. They must set an example and give advice to students that help them deal with terrorism in our world. There are many ways that these people can help these students cope with these problems. School faculty members must be prepared and hav... Free Essays on Drugs In Society Free Essays on Drugs In Society Today’s world can be very tough for students of all ages. Our country is at war with many enemies for many reasons. This can produce many problems for students and they may turn to school counselor’s, teachers, and other school faculty for help. It is a difficult responsibility for them but needs to be dealt with correctly. There are many different ways that students can be affected by terrorism. Terrorism can have a direct effect on them when someone they know has been hurt or killed by terrorists. An example of this would be the World Trade Center bombings. There was a high number of deaths, especially parents, in the attack. That would leave a large number of students in our area directly affected by terrorism. Students can also be affected indirectly by terrorism. The definition of terrorism is â€Å"the calculated use of violence ( or threat of violence) against civilians in order to attain goals that are political or religious or ideological in nature; this is done through intimidation or coercion or instilling fear.† The main goal of terrorists is to scare the American people, make them feel unsafe and scared. Students may feel scared that something will happen to them or people they love. Many students have family members who work in areas that could be targets of terrorists, like large cities. They may also have family members who are overseas or family members that travel a good amount. Students may worry that something may happen to them. This can cause them to not focus on what they should be like school, activities, or even just having fun. School counselors, teachers, and other school faculty, play a huge role in helping out students affected by terrorism. They must set an example and give advice to students that help them deal with terrorism in our world. There are many ways that these people can help these students cope with these problems. School faculty members must be prepared and hav...