Essay about Literature Review - 4068 Words

Abstract Individuals undergoing cardiac surgery can be of any age and functional ability. This literature review examines the correlation between the patient’s ability to engage in self-care behaviors and the efficacy of their rehabilitation. Using Orem’s Self-Care Nursing Deficit Theory and Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory peer-reviewed research studies were selected from accredited journals using CINHAL, Ovid, PubMed and Google Scholar ranging from 1988 to 2009. The literature reviewed indicated that the patients’ perceived ability to engage in self-care behaviors impacted their recovery after they were discharge from the hospital. The literature also suggests that nursing interventions can promote and enable self-care while the†¦show more content†¦Search Methods Databases were searched for literature regarding Orem’s Self-Care Nursing Deficit Theory and Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory along with any relationship to patients tha t have undergone cardiac surgery. Databases used were CINAHL, Ovid, PubMed and Google Scholar. CINAHL and Google Scholar provided the largest number of useful hits. Keywords or phrases used and the numbers of hits generated by Google Scholar are shown in Table 1. Table of Words/Phrases Used for Google Scholar Database Searches. Table 1. Table of Words/Phrases Used for Google Scholar Database Searches | Keyword/phrase | Number of Hits | Orem’s Theory | 14,000 | Self-Care Nursing Deficit Theory | 7,400 | Self-care with cardiac surgery | 13,900 | Orem and cardiac surgery | 1,120 | Bandura’s Theory of Self-Efficacy | 23,800 | Bandura and cardiac surgery | 2,190 | Self-efficacy theory in cardiac surgery | 4,090 | Self-efficacy and CABG | 2,330 | Orem and CABG | 107 | Self-care deficit and CABG | 279 | Self-care deficit theory and self-efficacy theory | 19,50 | Orem and post-op care | 59 | Orem and coronary artery bypass | 345 | Self-efficacy and coronary artery bypass | 2,890 | Results were reviewed and chosen as to relevant content and application. 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Animal Testing Has Been Bad Of The Years And Itcan Even

Animal testing has been bad of the years and it can even be dated back to the ancient times of the greek. Physicians would dissect animals with the pure interest to obtain knowledge. But even then, one such physician stated that he would rather use a pig as his subject because he wanted to.The ethics of animal testing has always been questioned. Humans do not want to think of animals as on the same level of us. The similarity is terrifying and makes the cruelness obvious. In the 16 century it has been recorded that early vivisectionists, scientists who perform experiments and operations on live animals, did not consider animals to be of the same lineage of us and barely cared for them.The remaining are used as test dummies for products.†¦show more content†¦It breaks one’s heart to know that a family member is being treated cruelly and has to suffer for something they do not deserve.When researching animals many different tests are done in order to predict the effect it will have on humans. One test done is for eye irritancy. A test is performed, often on rabbits, called the Draize eye test. It is a test created by John Draize, a scientist working for the United States Food ,Drug Administration. During the test a substance of some sort will be placed into the rabbit’s eye and the rabbit will be observed in intervals. The rabbits may suffer in such as bleeding, ulcers, and blindness for up to two weeks. At the end of the tests the probable that the rabbits will be killed.Another test is done to determine acute toxicity, which is done when the animals are killed they are put into our food and we get sick and to calculate the danger when a chemical is exposed to the mouth and skin, or is inhaled. It is generally conducted on rats and mice. In the past the test included poisoning a large amount of animals and waiting until at least half of them died. The tests today are less lethal. They now conduct the tests until the animals show signs o f suffering and then the scientist will terminate the experiment. These signs of suffering are severe and include agonizing pain, seizures, and loss of motor function. In the end though the animals are still killed in order

Case Study of Maria-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Case Study of Maria. Answer: Introduction The current decade has seen an increasing mental stress arising out of peer pressure and lifestyle changes in an individual. The current assignment focuses upon the ill health effects and perils associated with the development of addictive behaviours in a youth. The study here focuses upon the diverse impact produced by alcohol on the body and mind of an individual. The assignment further analyses the different domains, which can be used for gathering sufficient information regarding the support user. The domains have been further elaborated to develop into useful questions, which can be used during the referral. The collective information can be used for proper analysis of the problem situation. Case background Gemma is a 19-year-old AUT student and enjoys her life fully with her friends from college. However, recently her careless and party freak attitude has taken over her studies. This has resulted in Gemma getting behind in her studies. Gemma had also resorted to drinking to cope up with assignment deadlines and the pressure to cope her well in her exams. However, Gemmas mother has come to discover about this drinking problem of Gemma. Additionally, she fears that this tendency to drink might attribute to a strong genetic disposition. This is because Gemmas father was also an alcoholic. Domains of assessment The assessment and intervention for drug addiction can be measured through a variety of factors such as: Family relations Peer pressure Mental health Past history of trauma Medical interventions Role played by family in assessment of addiction Substance abuse and alcoholism is a common peril affecting the current decade. The problem is drastically pertinent in the youth group owing to the huge amount of social and peer pressure that they might be subjected to. However, the role of family is immense in the intervention and treatment of alcohol abuse (Caetano, 2017). The organization of the family as well as the specific structure of the family plays a crucial role in the mental and emotional well being of the children. The disruption in normal elements of the family may subject a child to additional mental and emotional stress(Sibley, 2014) . Therefore, the counselling agency or the care personnel need to ensure that the family of Gemma is actively involved in the care and treatment plan. Children of alcoholics possess a greater risk of being exposed to a range of psychosocial and emotional problems. They are at a greater risk of carrying mental illnesses such as depression into their families. The probability of alcoholism to be present within the next generation is 37% in case of alcoholic parents (Studer, 2014). Reports and evidence have suggested that emotional anxieties, confusion and distress regarding personal role identities are some of the symptoms expressed by an alcoholic. The student services have found Gemma to be coping with the stress of finishing her assignment within deadlines along with the pressure of exams. Thus, unable to cope up with the additional stress Gemma took to drinking. However, in this respect, her father who was also an alcoholic might lay down the example to her. The presence of an alcoholic culture in the family might have triggered Gemma resort such means of stress relief. The inculcation of the family members of an alcoholic in the treatment plan might act as an additional level of security (Georgie, 2016). The student services might also propose a visit to a psychologist by Gemma and her family. This could help in providing the family with an additional amount of emotional care and support needed. In order to gather sufficient and collective information from Gemma, the following questions could be asked to her such as: How would you define your relationship with your family members?...Who is the one closest to you?..........How do you think they affect your thinking and attitude towards life?......Do you think your father is right to profess to alcohols most of the time.....Why or why not? Effect of peer pressure Peer pressure can have a profound effect on the lifestyle options and individual habit of the teenagers. The submission of alcohol or other forms of substance misuse such as drugs is often triggered by social and emotional peer pressure. The disposition to drinking is often developed in an individual out of sheer a competitive spirit. In this respect, the goal is to outdo some of the other friends in the group, which soon becomes a trend(Leung, 2014). The genetic factors also play a crucial role in determining the pattern of individual behaviour. In this context, Gemmas father had been an alcoholic. Therefore, growing up in an environment like that Gemma had been continuously seeing her father. Therefore, she might be pre-disposed to think that being alcoholic has no profound perils associated with the same. In this context, the peer pressure could also be related to social stigma. An individual here is often bullied for the natural behaviour or attitude possessed by them. Thus, constant negative accolades received by may often result in the development of defensive behaviour in an individual(Conway, Journal of American psychology). Here, Gemma had been suffering partying had been seen to develop a tendency of partying hard with her friends. Most of this resulted in Gemma neglecting her studies, which later developed into anxieties and frustrations. The role played by the student support Council is immense in providing additional safeguards against the development of additional mental diseases subjected to chain alcoholism (Ding, 2014). Moreover, the addiction to drinking has resulted in Gemma not being able to remember the past events. This might subject her to security concerns and need to be addressed accurately. The following questions may be put forward to Gemma to understand the influence her peers may have on her decision: Do you like partying with your friends...How often do you party with your friends?... Do you often prefer hard drinks over soft drinks in the parties...Why or why not? Mental health of the support user The sound mental and physical health of the support user is important determining factors in the development or absenteeism from alcoholism. The mental condition of an individual is affected by a variety of factors such as past life history along with present family conditions of an individual. In this context, the failures to meet the pressure of the assignment deadlines as well as the anxieties of the exams have propelled Gemma towards alcoholism. A number of factors affect the mental stability and resilience of an individual. Some of these factors include family history or presence of genetic diseases. It has been found that pre-disposition to drinking and other forms of substance misuse could be attributed to the presence of(Brooks, 2014) depressive attitudes in an individual. Some of the mental diseases such as bipolar disorder and Schizophrenia have shown additional tendency to be subjected towards alcoholism. Mood disorders along with elevated levels of melancholy could be ass ociated higher risk of being subjected to alcoholism. In this context, Gemma had been unable to cope up with the huge backlog in her studies. The pressure had developed into a situation of mental frustrations propelling her towards substance abuse. The student council can act as a support group to the ones suffering from substance abuse. The support of the peer group can act as a motivation for the youngsters suffering from the perils of substance misuse (Human, 2014). Some of the exercises that could be implemented by the student council in order to relieve the situation of Gemma could be to organise group talking within the daily regimens. The plausible questions that could be asked to Gemma in order to investigate the thought process behind the addictive behaviour depicted by her are: How pressurised you feel the burden of the assignment deadline impose upon you?.......What can do you do to cope up with the pressure situation?...... What future strategies you could adopt in order to prevent the recurrence of similar situations? Effect of trauma on drinking Physical and emotional trauma can have a profound effect on the lifestyle choices and mental health of an individual. In this respect, Gemma has grown up in an environment where her father had been a compulsive alcoholic. Thus, such a disturbed environment at home might have affected her moral attributes. The effect of the bad habits and life style patterns adopted by parents often have a dominating effect on the life style options chosen by an individual(De Bellis, 2014). Gemma owing to the lack of parental support and concern might be exposed to feelings of loneliness or isolation. Thus, Gemma may want to be more so in the company of her peers from whom she may get mental and emotional support. However, one of the challenges, which are most often faced by the councillors in dealing with support users such as Gemma, is privacy concerns. It has been found that most of the support users do not wish to open up about their past life experiences or any kind of abuses faced by them. Thus, such confidentiality may often lead to suppression of facts, which are vital to the success of the treatment plan(Haller, 2014). As a student counsellor, a number of questions may be asked to Gemma to understand the perils faced by her in the past: Tell me about your past life experiences... some of the moments which had a profound effect on your life...Good or bad! How do you perceive them? What can you do to change them?" Possibilities of medical intervention A number of possible medical interventions could be applied in order to cater to the need of support requirements of the counselling service users. In this context, behaviour modification can be brought about by counselling. In most cases, a very thin line exists between the motivation to bring in the required changes within the lifestyle of an individual and seeking adequate medical help(Roy-Byrne, 2014). Moreover, behavioural changes through support group assessment where like minds going through similar situations of distress interact as such exercises generate positivity and encouragement within an individual(Mertens, 2015). Additionally, conventional medical interventions might be practised such as acamprosate, which may control the cravings for alcohol in an individual by, restoring certain chemical balances in the brain. The doctors may use naltrexone in order to reduce the dependency for alcohol in an individual(Gustafson, 2014). Moreover, support users like Gemma may be put into a holistic care regimen, which is mainly based upon incorporation of fresh fruits in the diet of an individual. Along with group, talk and light exercises can also help an individual in coping up with the cravings of alcohol. Additionally, positive counselling and sufficient participation and cooperation from the family members of support users like Gemma can also help in aiding the process. In order to analyse the effectiveness of a particular medical intervention and approach in coping up with the alcohol addiction of support users like Gemma, the following questions could be put forward to her: Tell me about the medical help that you have sought for dealing with your alcohol addiction?.........How far have been the approaches helpful in providing you with the required solution?.....Or do you think otherwise? Using the information to analyse the problem situation Detailed assessments of the problem situation of Gemma have presented a number of loopholes. In this respect, Gemma had been addicted to drinking owing to the stress, which was built upon her due to inability to meet up with her required deadlines of submitting the assignment. Moreover, the addiction to alcohol was making her more miserable. Therefore, a number of causative factors could be entailed over here such as impulse to outdo some of her peers with respect to catching up to the modern trends. Additionally, Gemmas father had been a long time alcoholic, which might easily trigger her resorting to alcohol. However, there are a number of other problems where Gemma might be needing help such as help to meet up the additional requirements of her course curriculum. In this respect, a number of additional pre-requisites need to be considered such as the past life history of the service user. The data gathered through such analysis can help in evaluating the cause of worry of the support users. Moreover, maintaining a checklist while gathering responses through the questions framed above can also help in reaching a suitable solution. Bibliography Brooks, S. J. (2014). Childhood adversity is linked to differential brain volumes in adolescents with alcohol use disorder: a voxel-based morphometry study. Metabolic brain disease, 29(2) , 20-27. Caetano, R. S. (2017). Alcohol-related intimate partner violence among white, black, and Hispanic couples in the United States. Domestic Violence: The Five Big Questions , 10-17. Conway, K. P. (Journal of american psychology). 2016. Association of lifetime mental disorders and subsequent alcohol and illicit drug use , 280-288. De Bellis, M. D. (2014). The biological effects of childhood trauma. Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America, 23(2) , 185-200. Ding, W. N. (2014). Trait impulsivity and impaired prefrontal impulse inhibition function in adolescents with alcohol addiction revealed by a Go/No-Go fMRI study. Behavioural anomoly , 10-15. Georgie, J. S. (2016). Peer?led interventions to prevent tobacco, alcohol and/or drug use among young people aged 1121 years: a systematic review and meta?analysis. Addiction, 111(3) , 391-407. Gustafson, D. H. (2014). A smartphone application to support recovery from alcoholism: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA psychiatry, 71(5), , 566-572. Haller, M. . (2014). Risk pathways among traumatic stress, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and alcohol and drug problems: A test of four hypotheses. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 28(3) , 841. Human, U. D. (2014). The health consequences of smoking50 years of progress. Disease Control and Prevention , 25-75. Leung, R. K. (2014). The effect of peer influence and selection processes on adolescent alcohol use: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Health psychology review, 8(4) , 426-457. Mertens, J. R. (2015). Physician versus non-physician delivery of alcohol screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment in adult primary car. 15-25. Roy-Byrne, P. B. (2014). Brief intervention for problem drug use in safety-net primary care settings: a randomized clinical tria. Jama, 312(5) , 492-501. Sibley, M. H. (2014). The role of early childhood ADHD and subsequent CD in the initiation and escalation of adolescent cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use. Journal of abnormal psychology , 362. Studer, J. B.-K. (2014). Peer pressure and alcohol use in young men: A mediation analysis of drinking motives. International Journal of Drug Policy , 700-708.

Oscar Essays - Oscar Wilde, British Films, English-language Films

Oscar Wilde Author: Oscar Wilde Setting: Begins in a flat in London then proceeds to a manor house in the countryside in the late 1800's. Plot: Two men, John Jack Earnest Worthing and Algernon Moncrieff, use the deception [a Bunbury] that both their names were Ernest, in order to secure marriage to the women they love, Gwendolen Fairfax and Cecily Cardew. Then there is the ultimate unraveling of their lies, which still ends in their impending nuptials. Cast of Key Characters John Jack Ernest Worthing "Bon-vivant" [Jack to Algernon 2] Algernon is asking Jack what brought him to town. Jack has come to town to get away from his responsibilities in the country, his ward Cecily, and to see Gwendolen, whom he wishes to propose marriage. In order to do this he has committed the Bunbury that he has come to see his brother, Ernest, who doesn't exist. He wishes to enjoy the pleasures before attending to his guardian duties. Quote: "When one is in town one amuses oneself. When one is in the country one amuses other people. It is excessively boring." "Curmudgeon" [Jack to Algernon 3] Jack has come to propose to Gwendolen. Which is the express reason behind his lying about his name being Ernest. Algy feels that is business not pleasure. Jack thinks it is utterly unromantic. Algernon says he will forget about romance when he is married. Though Algy doesn't know it yet when he sees Cecily he will shed this view. Jack feels that the view Algernon has, others do also and that is what causes the dissolution process to be born. Jack is generalizing his cynical view of unromantic people. Quote: "The divorce court was specially invented for people whose memories are so curiously constituted." "Architect" [Jack to Algy 3] Algy has said it is distasteful the way Gwendolen and Jack flirt with each other. This prompts Jack to state his romantic intentions toward Gwendolen. Jack has a specific goal, which is to marry Gwendolen. This is his sole purpose for coming to town. Jack is so intent on marrying Gwendolen he has created a bunbury, the phantom brother Ernest, in order to see her. He also lies that his name is Ernest. Quote: "I am in love with Gwendolen. I have come to town expressly to propose to her." "Conniver" [Jack to Algernon 4] Algernon is trying to found why there is an inscription of the name Cecily on Jacks lighter. Jack creates the lie that Cecily is his aunt when in actuality she is his ward. The lie beings to unravel here because Algernon continues to question Jack. This is Jack's Bunbury to Algy and there are many more to come. Jack hopes that this lie will discourage any further pursuit of his true relation, guardian, to Cecily. Quote: "Well if you want to know Cecily happens to be my aunt." "Critic" [Jack to Algernon 6] Jack has been trying to satisfy Algy's fanatic questioning for the explanation of the inscription on Jack's cigarette case. Jack has said that he is Ernest in town and Jack in the country. Jack is not named Ernest. It is a phantom brother he has invented. Jack is going to explain his reason for lying in order to come to town, but he doesn't believe Algernon has a somber personality to comprehend his reasons. Quote: "My dear Algy, I don't know whether you will be able to understand my real motives. You are hardly serious enough." "Martyr" [Jack to Algy 6] Algy has returned the cigarette case to Jack; now, he wishes to hear the reason Jack is Ernest in town and Jack in the country. Jack shows his bunbury to Algy. Jack is Cecily's guardian that is why he is Jack in the country. In order to come to town he has invented a wayward brother named Ernest. Jack explains his reasons for lying about who Cecily really is and who he is to Cecily. He is essentially her immediate forebear and must keep up social standards. It is his responsibility to guard against any degrading of her values. Jack makes sacrifices to be Cecily's protector. One of his sacrifices is that he must lie in order to see Gwendolen, whom he doesn't see as often as he would like. Quote: "When one is placed in the position of guardian, one has to adopt a very high moral tone on all subjects. It's ones duty...." "Dreamer" [Jack to Gwendolen 10] Jack is attempting to ask for Gwendolen's hand in marriage. Gwendolen declares her